The Elephant in the Room. Land Governance Challenges of Climate Change Mitigation underscores the pivotal role of land in mitigating climate change and stresses the connection between reducing emissions and safeguarding the rights of communities. While industrialised countries acknowledge their responsibility to increase emissions reductions, the effects of mitigation and adaptation on land use affect millions of people, particularly in the Global South. Delivering on all governments’ commitments to land-carbon dioxide removal (CDR) would encompass 1.2 billion hectares of land, triggering significant and large-scale transformations of land use, including afforestation initiatives, which though crucial for carbon offsetting are criticized for displacing communities.

The success of climate action depends on effective governance more than on any other factor. This article argues that while climate action may affect land rights, good governance can facilitate just and equitable transitions and socio-economic opportunities. Case studies from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Colombia illustrate the delicate balance that must be struck between environmental protection and governance, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that safeguard both ecosystems and the rights of indigenous and rural communities.